Margate Medical Training Center

Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders

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Course Overview:

This Continuing Education course will provide the Healthcare provider with two (2) Contact hours of Continuing Education units (2 CEUs) that may be used for their license or certification requirements for continuing education.

This course is designed to provide the healthcare provider with essential knowledge and skills to care for individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease and related disorders (ADRD). You will gain a deeper understanding of the diseases, their progression, symptom management, communication strategies, and the specific legal and cultural considerations in Florida. The course combines evidence-based practices with state-specific resources and guidelines.

Target Audience: Certified Nursing Assistants, Home Health Aides, Registered Nurses, Licensed Practical Nurses, Nurse Practitioners

Learning Objectives:

Discuss Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (ADRD), including the distinctions between the different types.
Review the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
Learn how to understand and care for a patient with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders, and the roles that healthcare providers have.
Review the pharmacological management of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders and understand the healthcare providers role in monitoring side effects
Understand the legal and ethical issues surrounding care for patients with Alzheimer’s.
Understand the cultural diversity when caring for patients with Alzheimer’s and the resources available to them in Florida.

This course offers essential training for healthcare providers to better understand and care for patients with Alzheimer’s and related disorders, emphasizing a holistic and culturally competent approach within the unique context of Florida’s aging population.

Course Content

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Introduction to Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (ADRD) 1 Topic

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Dementia is a general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer’s is the most common type of dementia,1 but there are others, including Vascular Dementia, Lewy Body Dementia, and Frontotemporal Dementia. Each type has its own unique characteristics and underlying causes. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is characterized by the buildup of abnormal protein deposits in the brain, leading to memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with thinking and reasoning. Vascular Dementia (VD) results from reduced blood flow to the brain, often due to strokes or other vascular problems, causing problems with memory, thinking, and motor skills. Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) involves the abnormal accumulation of Lewy bodies (protein deposits) in the brain, leading to fluctuations in alertness and attention, visual hallucinations, and Parkinson’s-like motor symptoms. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) primarily affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, causing changes in personality, behavior, and language skills. Several risk factors contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s and related dementias. Age is the most significant risk factor, with the likelihood of developing dementia increasing as we get older. Genetics also plays a role, with certain genes increasing the risk of developing these conditions. Lifestyle factors, such as a lack of physical activity, an unhealthy diet, and conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes, can also increase the risk of dementia. Alzheimer’s and related dementias are a global health concern, affecting millions of people worldwide. In Florida, the prevalence of these conditions is particularly high due to the state’s large elderly population. The impact of Alzheimer’s and related dementias is significant, not only for the individuals affected but also for their families, caregivers, and the healthcare system. These conditions place a considerable emotional, physical, and financial burden on families and society as a whole.

Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia 1 Topic

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Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias are characterized by a variety of biological changes in the brain. One hallmark change is the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits. In Alzheimer’s, these deposits take the form of amyloid plaques (clumps of beta-amyloid protein) and tau tangles (twisted fibers of tau protein) that disrupt communication between brain cells. In other dementias like Lewy Body Dementia, different protein deposits called Lewy bodies disrupt brain function. These changes, along with other processes like brain cell death and inflammation, contribute to the cognitive decline seen in dementia. These biological changes have profound effects on a person’s cognitive abilities, behavior, and daily functioning. The damage to brain cells impairs memory, particularly recent memories, making it difficult to learn new information or recall familiar faces and events. Thinking skills are also affected, leading to problems with problem-solving, decision-making, and language. Changes in behavior and personality are common, with individuals experiencing increased agitation, anxiety, depression, or even hallucinations in some cases. As the disease progresses, these changes increasingly interfere with daily activities like dressing, eating, and bathing, ultimately leading to a loss of independence.

Comprehensive Care for Alzheimer’s Patients 1 Topic

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Providing holistic care for individuals with Alzheimer’s and related disorders requires a person-centered approach that prioritizes the individual’s unique needs and preferences, not just their diagnosis. This means understanding their life story, values, and personality to provide truly individualized care. Healthcare providers are central to this care team, acting as advocates, educators, and skilled caregivers. They assess the patient’s condition, coordinate care with other healthcare professionals, and provide essential support to families. Family involvement is crucial, as they offer invaluable insights into the person’s history and preferences, enabling personalized care plans and a sense of continuity for the individual. Effective communication is fundamental when interacting with individuals experiencing cognitive decline. This involves adapting communication strategies to meet their needs: using clear, concise language, speaking slowly and patiently, utilizing non-verbal cues like gestures and facial expressions, and maintaining eye contact to foster connection. Addressing behavioral symptoms, such as agitation, aggression, or wandering, requires understanding the underlying causes and responding with empathy and patience. Non-pharmacological interventions like cognitive stimulation, physical activity, reminiscence therapy, and music therapy can be incredibly effective in managing these behaviors and improving quality of life. Finally, supporting families is paramount. Healthcare providers can provide education about the disease progression, offer respite care to prevent caregiver burnout, and provide emotional support during this challenging journey.

Pharmacological Management of Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders 1 Topic

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Managing the symptoms of Alzheimer’s and related dementias often involves the use of various medications. Cholinesterase inhibitors, such as Donepezil (Aricept), Rivastigmine (Exelon), and Galantamine (Razadyne), are commonly prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s. These medications work by increasing levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter important for memory and learning. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of appetite. For moderate to severe Alzheimer’s, Memantine (Namenda), a glutamate regulator, may be used. It works by regulating glutamate activity, another neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory. In some cases, antipsychotic medications may be prescribed to manage behavioral symptoms like agitation or aggression, but their use should be carefully considered due to potential risks and side effects, especially in older adults. Antidepressants may also be used to treat depression, a common symptom in dementia. Healthcare providers play a critical role in medication management by administering medications, educating patients and families about their purpose and potential side effects, and closely monitoring for any adverse reactions. They also collaborate with physicians to adjust medication dosages or change treatment plans as needed, ensuring the individual receives the most effective and safest medication regimen possible.

Legal and Ethical Issues in Dementia Care 1 Topic

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Caring for individuals with Alzheimer’s and related dementias raises important legal and ethical considerations. Early legal planning is crucial, and advanced directives, like a durable power of attorney for healthcare, allow individuals to designate someone to make medical decisions on their behalf if they lose capacity. This ensures their wishes are honored. In Florida, if an individual hasn’t prepared these documents and loses decision-making capacity, guardianship proceedings may be necessary. This legal process appoints a guardian to make personal and/or financial decisions for the individual. Ethically, balancing the individual’s autonomy with their safety and well-being is a constant challenge. Respecting their wishes while ensuring they receive appropriate care requires careful consideration. End-of-life decisions are particularly complex, involving discussions about life-sustaining treatments and palliative care options. Healthcare providers play a key role in advocating for the patient’s wishes and ensuring ethical care practices are followed. Florida offers specific resources to support individuals with dementia and their families. Elder Law attorneys can provide guidance on legal planning, guardianship, and accessing benefits. The Alzheimer’s Association in Florida offers valuable information, support groups, and care consultations. Additionally, Florida’s Medicaid programs provide financial assistance for long-term care services, which can be crucial in navigating the financial burden associated with dementia care.

Cultural and Community Considerations in Dementia Care in Florida 1 Topic

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Florida’s diverse population presents unique challenges and opportunities in dementia care. Cultural sensitivity is paramount, recognizing that different cultural groups may have varying beliefs, values, and practices related to aging, illness, and caregiving. For example, Hispanic families may emphasize family involvement and prioritize keeping loved ones at home, while African American communities may face disparities in access to care and experience higher rates of dementia. Understanding these cultural nuances allows healthcare providers to tailor care plans and communication strategies to meet the specific needs of each individual and their family. Florida’s large senior population has a significant impact on dementia care. The demand for services and resources is high, requiring a robust network of support for individuals with dementia and their caregivers. Fortunately, Florida offers a variety of community resources, including local chapters of the Alzheimer’s Association that provide support groups, educational programs, and care consultations. Respite care services offer temporary relief for caregivers, allowing them to attend to personal needs or take a break from the demands of caregiving. Adult day care programs provide a safe and stimulating environment for individuals with dementia, offering social interaction, cognitive activities, and meals. Navigating the healthcare system can be complex, especially for those unfamiliar with Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance options. Understanding eligibility criteria, coverage limitations, and the process for accessing services is essential for families seeking financial assistance and appropriate care for their loved ones. Community organizations and healthcare providers can play a vital role in guiding families through this process, ensuring they receive the support they need to navigate the complexities of dementia care in Florida.

Alzheimer’s and Related Disorders Final Exam

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